Aboriginal Resistance Essay Example

Aboriginal Resistance Essay Example Aboriginal Resistance Essay Aboriginal Resistance Essay Aboriginal Resistance BY soulktngl 23 Puthiyaveetil, Sreerag Maximum hatred can be caused from an insignificant reason, and racism is one of the main reasons that plays a role in the distrust between people. The Aboriginals and the governments around the world have been constantly fighting for many centuries and they are still fighting today. Moreover, the Aboriginals created resistances which consist of Aboriginal tribes protesting to get their freedom in their respective countries. Unfortunately, the governments would not give them their freedom, which caused a lot of riots, deaths, and caused the governments to lose a ot of money. In Canada, there were many Aboriginal tribes such as the Metis, the Mohawks, and many others that were reduced in numbers because of the government. Before, if one were to walk outside, they would see many Aboriginals, but now Aboriginals are barely seen. This proves how cruelly the governments have been acting towards these people. The dishonesty of the Government of Canada in dealing with Native land claims, and the racism inflicted upon the Native people, can be recognised in the Oka Crisis, the Ipperwash Crisis, and the North-West Rebellion. Equality is the state of being equal especially in status, rights, and opportunities, which is one of the most important rules in running a country, but in Canada, the Oka Crisis portrays the Government of Canadas racist and dishonest behavior towards the Aboriginals. On Julyl 1, 1990, the town of Oka, Quebec, wanted to expand their golf course by taking down a cemetery owned by an Aboriginal tribe called the Mohawks. The Mohawks protested peacefully by barricading themselves in the golf course. However, it turned into a riot with the Quebecs Police Force (SQ), and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R. C. M. P) charging in. There were a lot of casualties, including the death ofa police officer named Marcel Lernay. This riot ended in September 26, 1990, with a victory for the Mohawks. In 1986, part of the Mohawks land was taken away by the people of Oka by a private bill and turned it into a golf course. (Oka Crisis, 1989) This proof suggests that even before the Oka Crisis, the government took more from the Aboriginals land. This shows the distrust between the Mohawks and the government, and it also shows how the government takes uthority of someones land and never intended to give it back. In addition, Massari (1990) states that there were racial conflicts between the R. C. M. P and the Mohawk warriors. Massari is asserting that even during the chaos, the government is racist and created more conflicts. The government should not be fighting against the Mohawks because it cost the government $180 million for reparations, as well as the death of a police officer. This could have been prevented if the government agreed not to expand the golf course right at the beginning. The dishonesty and racist character of the Government of Canada, caused an unnecessary riot at Oka and for the same reasons, the Government of Canada also caused conflicts between the Stoney Point Natives tthroughout the Ipperwash Crisis. During the Ipperwash Crisis, the Government of Canada were racist and dishonest to the Native people. In September 1995, a group of Aboriginals called the Stoney Point Natives were protestlng to protect tnelr lana wnlcn was a Durlal ground, D Government 0T Canada wanted to use it for a military camp, so they forcefully took their land. Later on, the Stoney Point Natives protested for their land claim, but the government rejected it which caused a riot and resulted with the death of Dudley George, leader of Stoney Point Natives, and an inquiry to be summoned. According to Mike Harris, the premier of Ontario, he said l want the fucking Indians out of the park. (Ipperwash Inquiry, 2007) This quote refers to when the inquiry was summoned for the government to pay for Dudleys death, and from his quote, the word Indians is racist to the Stoney Point Natives. Mike Harris swore in front of any citizens at Ipperwash and to the Stoney Point Natives. This is not how a premier is supposed to act towards his citizen. In addition, the Government of Canada said that they were going to give back the land after the war ended, but it was withdrawn. (Ipperwash Inquiry, 2007) This evidence suggests that under the War Measures Act 1912, they could take land and use it for war, and it is to be returned after a war, but in this case it was not. To promise to return a land, but then later decide not to give it back is unfair, which created a huge riot and cost the overnment between $150 OOO- $400 000. This could have been averted if the government returned the land to the Stoney Point Natives. Therefore, when dealing with Native land claims and treating the Stoney Point Natives, the Government of Canada is Just dishonest and racist, which is ssimilar to how they treated the Metis of the Red River Settlement. Although Canada is supposed to be a multicultural country, the North-West Rebellion depicts the Canadian Government to be dishonest and racist in the early formation of the century. The Canadian Government have een taking land illegally from Ruperts land which was owned under an Aboriginal tribe called the Metis. Due to the fact that the Metis had no power over the government, a man named Louis Riel, who is also a Metis, came to charge and went against the government. He created his own government, a Red River Resistance which consists of Metis and other tribe members such as Big Bear, and led them to a rebellion against the governments betrayal. According to Louis Riel, Scott wasnt the sort of man who cultured civil relationship, so he screams racial insults to the uards. (Asfar Chodan, 2011, pg. 57) This quote implies to when Louis Riel created his own Provisional government, there were people who opposed to it and one of them was Thomas Scott, so Louis Riel sent him to Jail. Unfortunately he was executed due to his racist behavior towards the guards. In addition, in 1980, Daves states that even though the Canadian Government passed the Manitoba Act, which was to keep their land and customs, the government lied and built a railway through their land. The evidence suggests that after Riel made his own government, and ade negotiations with the government to pass the Manitoba Act, but soon after Riel was exiled for executing Thomas Scott, the government betrayed their trust and built a railway. The way how Scott is racist to the Metis and the Canadian Government is dishonest to the Metis, proves how the government should not be involved or fighting since it caused a rebellion which endangered many lives all because the Metis Just wanted to protect their land and cultural beliefs. This could have been evaded if the government cooperated and negotiated properly to the Metis and came to a decision here everyone is treated equally. As a result, Louis Riel lost the rebellion, was nangea ana tne government Is s Ill t Olsnonest ana raclst to tne Metis. I ne Oka Crlsls, the Ipperwash Crisis, and the North-West Rebellion demonstrate the dishonesty and the racism of the Canadian Government in settling the land claims with the Natives. During those three major events, the Canadian Government took Native land without their permission and decided not to give it back. This caused tremendous problems such as creating barricades (making a battlefield), a rebellion, and a peaceful protest one amok, which caused the government to lose a lot of money for reparations. This could have all been avoided if only the Canadian Government would treat them with respect as they would for regular citizens and allow the Aboriginals to follow their customs including as to giving back their land. Unfortunately, to make it even worse, the government introduced the Indian Act, which the word Indian is already racist. Even though Canada might seem to be peaceful and multicultural on the outside, in the inside, Canada is racist and dishonest when dealing with the Native people.

Advertising Media in New York City Research Paper

Advertising Media in New York City - Research Paper Example The advertising sector in New York has been dramatically influenced by the recent economic and financial crisis faced by the US. Nonetheless, prior to the downfall of the sector, it has seen a considerable decline in the old media publishing companies accompanied by rigid company marketing budgets. Notably, the impact of globalization and continuous technological advancement is clearly apparent within the sector. The advertising sector in New York City is becoming globalized at a rapid pace (Turrow & McAllister, 2009). Accordingly, the sector is viewed to be moving towards becoming technology oriented. Consequently, the technical advancements have promoted online advertising trend that has enabled an increased judgment regarding creative campaigns. Likewise, in terms of advertising mode, 3D cluster within the advertising sector is expanding rapidly. Conceptually, 3D cluster is a procedure based on which three-dimensional objects are generated through applying sequential levels of met als, thermo-plastics or any other related material (NYCEDC, 2013). The sector shares complementary relationships with another community, which is embedded in the local environment. The advertising companies are constantly engaged in merging with each other in order to further consolidate their place within the sector. This continuous consolidation has certainly placed New York at the center of the sector (Center for Economic Transformation, 2013; Harvey, 2009). Moreover, the gradual shift towards digital content, which is being followed by a considerable decline in the print readerships, has contributed to a crisis situation within the adverting sector. More and more advertising companies are incorporating new and innovative technologies in order to attain long-term sustainability.  

A Strategic Challenge HMV Faces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Strategic Challenge HMV Faces - Essay Example The researcher states that HMV Group Plc (HMV) was one amongst the world’s leading retailers of music, DVD/ video, pc games and books within the United Kingdom, North American country and Asia. A rise in the range of online purchase of CDs and DVDs, an increase in digital downloads associated stiffer competition from general supermarkets had an adverse impact on HMV’s revenue in 2005. Changes in musical tastes conjointly affected HMV’s sales adversely. HMV has to enhance its profit by initiating contemporary worth cuts and increasing its online product offerings. HMV is fraught from three sides. On one flank, there are competitive street retailers with similar business models. On the opposite flank, grocery chains, which are progressively entering into the HMV’s recreation product territory? Additionally, arising quickly from behind, are pure-play online retailers. Online pure-play retailers above all create an excellent threat, as they will operate at a v alue advantage ensuing from associate degree absence of physical stores and lowest staffing needs. Within the past decade, as online penetration has inflated and shopper familiarity with  online searching has expanded, pure-play online retailers like Play.com have emerged as important rivals to venerable chains of HMV. The diversion product mix furnished by HMV (CDs, DVDs, video games) is especially suited to on-line merchandising. Merchandise square measure extremely standardized and commoditized (a videodisk is a videodisk, in spite of the channel it is purchased from), simply transferable through the post, and promoted heavily by the show business (meaning customers can ‘pull’ merchandise through distribution channels).

Aristotles Account on Happiness Essay Example for Free

Aristotles Account on Happiness Essay In Book X of Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, he writes about pleasure and happiness. Aristotle makes the point that happiness and pleasure should not be confused with each other. He argues that pleasure is not good, but a good. Pleasure is not a process, and not all pleasures are desirable, so pleasure is not the supreme Good. However, happiness is not a process. It is an activity that serves as an end itself. Aristotle writes that happiness is our highest goal in life. He touches on the idea of contemplation being our highest rational faculties and like happiness, it is an end in itself. This quality is observed in happiness and contemplation, but not in practical activities. A supreme God could spend an entire lifetime only occupied with contemplation, so humans should strive to achieve this activity through happiness. Aristotle writes that all the moral virtues have to do with aspects of human life. These aspects are necessary in life, but only secondary to the godlike act of contemplation. Humans need to act morally, but it is not a quality needed for contemplation. To contemplate means to admire something, or think about something. I believe that to be truly moral, you often have to contemplate your morals and know what you stand for and believe in. I believe that in order to be moral, you must be capable of deep contemplation and reflection. This differs from Aristotles belief that the two are not connected.

The Saga Of Elian Gonzalez :: essays research papers fc

The Saga of Elian Gonzalez  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More and more people sail away from Cuba to the United States every year. The usual reason is to move from Fidel Castro and his rules, although many other reasons are obviously important enough for them to risk their lives; a reason like trying to escape from her ex-husband and landing with tragedy. A choice has to be made while dealing with all of the Cuban frustration: do I live or risk my life along with thirteen others? Among the heart wrenching events which happen worldwide every year, few have come close to the well-known saga of Elian Gonzalez and his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1999, many Cubans left Cuba to sail to the United States. The Coast Guard picked up more than 1,300 rafters; more than double the number in 1998. The distance between Cuba and the mainland is less than 150 miles(Ramo 62). Most fleeing Cubans make the trip from Cuba to America the old fashioned way: in a rickety craft with weak motors. A good trip takes about ten hours, while a bad trip goes on for days. Sailing the Atlantic could be eternal during a storm, as Cubans are swept away. At least sixty people have paid the price of venturing each year(64).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caught up in freedom fever was Elisabet Gonzalez, who had been dating small-time Cuban hustler, Lazero Munero, since 1997. During the summer of 1998, Munero and three friends made the trip to America on a tiny boat. That fall he went back to Cuba because he was heartsick from his family and Elisabet. A few months after his jail release for escaping, he began persuading Elisabet to join him on a second getaway. He also began to advertise the trip to others in their town at one thousand dollars ahead, then he began patching up an old boat and envinrude fifty horse power outboard motor. When they set out that Sunday, Munero packed rations of water, bread, cheese, and hot dogs for his fifteen passengers. At four thirty A.M. they set to sea with hopes of arriving in Miami before the next sunrise. After less than a mile, the engine failed and Munero returned to shore, while passenger Arianne Horta nervously put her five year old daughter back on land. The group, now fourteen strong, set off again the next morning, but that night during a storm just south of the Florida Keys, the motor failed again. It left the boat more vulnerable to the tumbling seas. The group decided they would be better off by

Motivated You To Study Social Work Education Essay

My motive to analyze societal work comes from my passion about assisting people who are less advantaged. Having spent the last five old ages working in a societal attention environment helped me to gain that my passion lies in assisting the most vulnerable members of our society. I found working as a Care Assistant highly disputing but besides rewarding.A Attending a multi-disciplinary attention reappraisals gave me a great insightA A into a societal worker function. I found out that societal work can assist service users maintain their self-respect and independency, give wider picks of support, protect from maltreatment every bit good as cut down admittances to infirmary. I hope that analyzing societal work will give me a valuable accomplishments and cognition needed for effectual professional pattern as a societal worker.2.A A A What type of scholar are you?Last twelvemonth on the Access class through the exercising on the category I have identified my learning manner [ Appendix 1 ] . A Knowing and understanding my acquisition manner helped me to larn more efficaciously and place chances to better my acquisition. Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 1982 ) Learning Style Model I perform strongly as a Reflector. A As a Reflector I learn by detecting and believing about what happened. I like to stand back and detect experiences from many different positions. I like to roll up information ( the more that better ) , and prefer to believe about it exhaustively before coming to any decisions. I prefer to take a back place in meetings and treatments. I ever listen to others before doing my ain point. I learn less good when being thrown in at the deep terminal with no clip to fix and when moving as leader or role-playing in forepart of others. Having identified my learning manner, I now understand that as a reflector I am a ‘slow ‘ scholar and necessitate more clip to analyze, that is why it is of import to be after my survey efficaciously. I besides need to seek to acquire involved more in meeting and treatments alternatively of sitting back and listen.A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AMy preferable manner of acquisition was besides determined by finishing the Learning Styles Questionnaire on C_Space [ Appendix 2 ] . Harmonizing to the questionnaire I learn best by ocular manner. Information presented in images, diagrams or charts is easy remembered.A I like to watch the lector closely and be able to see the instructor organic structure linguistic communication to to the full understand the content of a lesson. I besides like to utilize colorss in my surveies such as colored markers to foreground information. A As a ocular scholar it is of import to do certain that I sit ever in a place in the schoolroom where I can see things clearly.3.A A A How do others comprehend your values and abilities?Recently I asked my best friend how they perceive my values and abilities. The feedback I have been given was as follow: You are reasonable, cautious, careful & A ; practical. I see you as clever, gifted, or talented, but modest. Not a individual who makes friends excessively rapidly or easy, but person who ‘s highly loyal to friends you do do and who expects the same trueness in return. Those who truly acquire to cognize you recognize it takes a batch to agitate your trust in your friends, but every bit that it takes you a long clip to acquire over if that trust is of all time broken. My fellow pupils see me as confident, unfastened minded and positive individual. So far, the feedback signifier my coachs was ever positive, nevertheless I am prepared to can take negative feedback. Receiving feedback is great chance to derive utile information and penetration into what we need to develop or better in order to turn professionally.AAAA4.A A A How do you near larning? How have you improved your accomplishments for survey ( including IT ) ?AAHaving developed a figure of schemes and techniques on last twelvemonth class enabled me to do the most efficient usage of my clip, resources, and possible. I approach my surveies strategically and consistently by working out where to put my clip and energies. Choosing the right topographic point to analyze is of import as I work most efficaciously in a well – organised survey country. I like to work in a comfy and free from distractions place with a good lighting and a room to distribute my book and documents. Time direction is â€Å" a vehicle that can transport you from wherever you are to wherever you want to be † ( Tracy 2007:2 ) Time direction in the key accomplishment to manage my coursework and to acquire it done on clip. Good clip direction accomplishments enable me to use my clip in a more effectual manner and let me to carry through more undertakings in a shortest possible manner. A survey clip tabular array is an indispensable ingredient in effectual clip direction. I have created a hebdomadal clip table [ Appendix 3 ] A to assist me organize my day-today undertakings, which keeps me positive and focused on my perusal, and helps me accomplish my marks. I have besides learned to prioritize my work by making the little and easy undertakings foremost and taking them out of the manner, before seeking to undertake larger pieces of work. I have created â€Å" things to make † name [ Appendix 4 ] . I use it to put day-to-day precedences and to cut down determination devising and concern. The ability to do clear and concise notes is another of import accomplishment that I have developed through my survey. Taking notes helps me to derive a deeper apprehension of the topic and gaining control the indispensable points of the subject. It besides helps to do sense of what is to be learned and to retrieve it subsequently. Having identified my preferable learning manner I know now that I work good with patterned notes, such as atomic, spider gms, diagrammatic and head maps. This method was described by Buzan ( 1992 ) in his book â€Å" Use your caput † . He calls the technique â€Å" Mind Mapping † . Mind maps allow for greater activity when entering thoughts and information, every bit good as leting the note-taker to tie in words with ocular representations ( Buzan, 1992 ) . Patterned notes involve composing the chief subject in the Centre of the page, and so compose related thoughts around it and associate them up to demo their relationship to the chief thoug ht. Pattern notes are more ocular, and are really active signifier of acquisition. For illustration of my note taking please see [ Appendix 5 ] . I have besides learned how to read efficaciously by being selective, scanning, planing and oppugning as I read. Computer helps me to analyze in many different ways. It helps me to research online for information, make structured notes, making charts, graphs and tabular arraies and to organize and maintain path of my surveies. Although I have used computing machine in the yesteryear there was countries that I still had to better. Last twelvemonth on the entree class I have learned how to work with dispersed sheets, databases, and make a power point presentation, which helped me to better my IT skills. [ Appendix 6 ]A5.A A A What factors affect your acquisition?AHaving many duties as an grownup scholar I must equilibrate against the demands of larning. Personally, the factor impacting my acquisition is English as a 2nd linguistic communication I do happen it difficult at the times to show myself in the manner that I wish to. It besides lower my assurance and self – regard. Bing capable to gags about my amusing speech pattern in the yesteryear made me experience nervous when talking in for epart of others. However, my assurance in that country improved dramatically since get downing the class. Distractions while analyzing could be another country that affects my acquisition. I need a quiet and organized topographic point to analyze without any break. I have learned to understate distractions while I work by promoting others to esteem my rights to work without break. I keep my phone off when I am analyzing to avoid phone calls that could upset my acquisition. Self – regard and deficiency of confidence.A Before I took an Access Course my ego – regard every bit good as assurance were really low. I did non believe in my abilities and felt really dying about traveling back to instruction after a long interruption. Having a positive feedback from the coachs every bit good as fellow pupils helped me to construct up my self- regard and go a confident pupil.AAA6.A A A How do you go an effectual job convergent thinker in your life?Problem resolution is one of the cardinal accomplishments in societal work pattern. Social workers use a job – work outing attack in working with persons, households, groups and communities. As a societal work pupil, it is really of import to me to go an effectual job convergent thinker. In my personal life I have learned facing instead than avoiding jobs. I tend to work out my jobs utilizing a simple technique. The first phase is to specify the job. To understand why the job exist and looking at the root cause of the job. Second I explore the job by looking at how does the job impact me or others? The following measure is looking for possible solutions and choosing a realistic solution that is most relevant to me. Finally I put my solution into action. It is nevertheless of import to measure the effectivity of my solution.A7.A A A How do you go more effectual, independent and confident self- directed learner?Autonomous acquisition is â€Å" a procedure in which persons take the enterprise, with or without the aid of others, in naming their acquisition demands, explicating larning ends, placing human and material resources for acquisition, taking and implementing appropriate acquisition schemes, and measuring larning results † ( Knowles, 1975:14 ) . Harmonizing to Malcolm Knowles ( 1984 ) grownups learn otherwise than immature people. In his theory of grownup larning Knowles pointed that grownups are self- directed in their learning.A â€Å" As a individual matures his self-concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a autonomous homo being † A ( Knowles, 1984:12 ) . As an grownup pupil I take duty for my acquisition procedures, such as goal-setting, instructional design and rating of my learning procedure. Bing organised helps me to pull off my surveies efficaciously. In order to go more independent scholar I need to be motivated to larn, able to pull off my clip efficaciously, and reflect upon my acquisition. Effectiveness of larning depend on â€Å" holding your province of head, infinite, clip, and stuffs organised in the ways that best suit your acquisition † ( Cottrell, 2008:67 ) .8.A A A How did you work hand in glove with others? ?I am a portion of a Care squad working in a attention place for people with dementedness. Bing a portion of the squad I have learned how to work co- operatively with my work co-workers. As a squad member I have learn contribute to accomplishing the end of run intoing the demands of clients. Apart from work I besides work co – operatively with others in group work undertakings on categories. We were put to groups to finish specific undertaking. I worked hand in glove by sharing my thoughts, being and active hearer, esteem other people positions, work together with the members of group to finish the undertaking successfully. Working in groups gave me a great chance to derive assurance and develop interpersonal accomplishments, such as active hearing and inquiring and communicating accomplishments.9.A A A How do you associate your larning to the modern-day context of societal work pattern?Working in a Social Care as a Carer my function involves supplying practical support, and enabling service users to keep their independency to take Fuller and unafraid life. I besides build partnerships with people I work with, seeking to win them trust and promoting them to get by and acquire most out of life. I relate my acquisition to the modern-day context of societal work by i mplementing my current accomplishments and cognition to my work scenes. Skills such as interpersonal accomplishments help me to understand the importance of actively listening and sympathizing with service users in order to come in the universe from their point of view.A I am besides more cognizant about the group kineticss in my work topographic point and importance of effectual squad working in order to accomplish the desire outcomes.A Since making the grade I besides developed an anti – discriminatory pattern. I started to associate the theories to pattern to understand the causes of favoritism and ways to dispute it efficaciously.

A Brief History of Cameroon, Africa

The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were likely the Bakas— or pygmies. They still inhabit the forests of the south and east provinces. Bantu speakers originating in the Cameroonian highlands were among the first groups to move out before other invaders. During the late 1770s and early 1800s, the Fulani—a pastoral Islamic people of the western Sahel—conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants. Arrival of the Europeans Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroons coast in the 1500s, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available. The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network. The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-19th century. Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life. From German Colony to League of Nation Mandates Beginning in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the German colony of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this colony was partitioned between Britain and France under a June 28, 1919, League of Nations mandate. France gained the larger geographical share, transferred outlying regions to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaounde. Britains territory—a strip bordering Nigeria from the sea to Lake Chad, with an equal population—was ruled from Lagos. Struggle for Independence In 1955, the outlawed Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based largely among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic groups, began an armed struggle for independence in French Cameroon. This rebellion continued, with diminishing intensity, even after independence. Estimates of death from this conflict vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. French Cameroon achieved independence in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the largely Muslim northern two-thirds of British Cameroon voted to join Nigeria; the largely Christian southern third voted to join with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The formerly French and British regions each maintained substantial autonomy. A One Party State Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-educated Fulani, was chosen President of the federation in 1961. Ahidjo, relying on a pervasive internal security apparatus, outlawed all political parties but his own in 1966. He successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state. The Road to Multi-Party Democracy Ahidjo resigned as President in 1982 and was constitutionally succeeded by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a career official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic group. Ahidjo later regretted his choice of successors, but his supporters failed to overthrow Biya in a 1984 coup. Biya won single-candidate elections in 1984 and 1988 and flawed multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997. His Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement (CPDM) party holds a sizeable majority in the legislature following 2002 elections—149 deputies out of a total of 180. Source Public Domain material, US Department of State Background Notes.